Propagation and Procreation - More of a Good Thing Glossary

A plant which flowers and forms fruits with seeds; seeds are enclosed in a pericarp.

The part of the stamen (part of the male reproductive structure) that develops and holds pollen; supported by the filament

Crossing a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual identical to its parent

Small bulb or bulb-like structure found in the place of a flower or leaf axil of a plant; found on tiger-lilies.

Fleshy, specialized underground stem modified for storage and surrounded by modified leaves called scales, i.e., tulips.

The sepals collectively, directly below the corolla.

The genetic structures in cells composed of condensed DNA, which contain the genetic code for an organism.

Asexually propagating an identical plant.

Alkaloid used to induce chromosome doubling in plant breeding; found in Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus or meadow saffron).

A thick, rounded underground stem that is modified into storage tissue, i.e., crocus, gladiolus.

The petals, collectively, as a unit.

The deliberate mating of two parental types of organisms in genetic analysis.

More or less flat-topped, determinate inflorescence, the outer flowers open last.

A subclass of of Angiosperms.

They tend to have:
-broad leaves
-two cotyledons
-netlike veins in the leaves
-flower parts are usually in fours or fives
-a ring of primary vascular bundles in the stem
-taproot system

ex. most trees and shrubs, broadleafs

Divided into two upper lobes.

Asexual propagation of a plant by breaking the crown or suckers (must contain a node) to produce an identical plant.

The undeveloped plant in a seed.

The combinations of all the conditions external to the genome that potentially affect gene expression and the phenotype of a plant.

Extends beyond the throat.

Composed of profusely branched roots with many lateral rootlets but with no main or tap root development. 
(Pest Management Glossary http://www.ipmrc.com/lib/glossary.shtml)

The fundamental unit of heredity that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located on a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional protein.

The process of adding foreign DNA to the genome of an organism.

A characteristic that distinguishes a herb from a woody; no persistent, woody tissue above ground. 

Having the same function, structure, position or value.

A chemical substance produced in a part of a plant that initiates and controls growth and flowering in another part of the plant.

An individual produced by crossing two parents of different genotypes.

The arrangement of flowers on a stem; inflorescence types include corymb, cyme, head, panicle, solitary, raceme, spike thyrse, and umbel.

Asexual propagation of a plant that has roots develop on a shoot before it is detached from the parent plant.

A type of cell division which results in the formation of gametes, cells with half the normal number of chromosomes.

A subclass of Angiosperm plants based on anatomical characteristics.
They tend to have:

-Narrow leaves
-One cotyledon
-Parallel veins in the leaves
-Flower parts are usually in multiples of threes
-A scattered arrangement of primary vascular bundles in the stem
-Fibrous root system

ex. grass, daylilies, corn

The form and structure of an organism.

The study of the form and structure of an organism

A joint on a stem where shoots, leaves and flowers arise.

A young plant produced at the base of a parent plant.

An indeterminate inflorescence whose primary axis bears branches of pedicelled flowers.

An agent that causes disease, especially a living microorganism such as a bacterium or fungus.

The female reproductive structure in plants; the stigma, style and ovary collectively.

The number of sets in a cell of basic chromosomes; often affects plant vigor, flower size and number, and ability to hybridize; an important fact in daylilies and orchid species.

Dust-like material produced by the anther (male reproductive structure) that is composed of pollen grains (microgametophytes) which carry the male gametes of seed plants; important in fertilization.

Having more than 2n (diploid) number of basic chromosomes such as triploid (3n) or tetraploid (4n); very common in angiosperms.

Barriers to gene flow between to two populations after fertilization, causing reproductive isolation that leads to two different species (genotype) of an organism; but they may not be distinguishable by appearance (phenotype).  Barriers include death of zygote, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown (reduced viability and fertility of second generation).

Barriers to gene flow between two populations before fertilization, causing reproductive isolation leading to two different species (genotype) of an organism; but they may not be distinguishable by appearance (phenotype).  Barriers include geographical isolation, egolocial isolation, seasonal isolation, behavioural isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic incompatibility

Barriers to gene flow between two populations berfore fertilization, causing reproductive isolation leading to two different species (genotype) of an organism; but they may not be distinguishable by appearance (phenotype).  Barriers include geographical isolation, egolocial isolation, seasonal isolation, behavioural isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic incompatibility

A simple, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicelled flowers.

The ability of an organism to survive and thrive in the presence of something that would normally cause damage or death, i.e., herbicide-resistant corn, Roundup-ready corn.

Having or looking like a rhizome.

A specialized horizontal stem that gives rise to shoots and roots at its nodes; usually found underground, i.e., iris, rhubarb.

Any process of breaking, scratching, or mechanically altering the seed coat to make it permeable to water and gases.

A modified leaf which is usually green and part of the caylx; can protect the flower when in bud.

An unbranched, indeterminate iflorescence with sessile flowers.

A stamen without anthers.

Unable to produce seed, pollen or spores capable of fertilization.

1. Exposing seeds to a cold period to encourange germination or break seed dormancy;

2. Layering of plant material (herbacous, shrub, understory, canopy).

Exposed to a cold period to break seed dormancy.

The substance, base, or nutrient on which an organism grows, (iii) Compounds or substances that are acted upon by enzymes or catalysts and changed to other compounds in the chemical reaction. (1997. Soil Science Society of America. p. 107)

A type of inflorescence having 3 pairs of cymes in 3 verticillasters.

Plant cells are grown in culture which allows them to be manipulated and then induced to develop into whole plants.

The characteristic that results from an expressing gene(s). Ex. Upright leaves, drought tolerance, Bt resistance. A trait can be influenced by the environment.

Crop plants within a species that have the same genetic composition. Because plants in a self-pollinated crop are usually homozygous, the variety and their offspring will remain genetically pure (i.e., barley varieties).  Because plants in a cross-pollinated crop are usually heterozygous, the variety and their offspring will not remain genetically pure (i.e., hybrid corn varieties).

A false whorl of flowers.

A whorl of flowers or leaves.

The swollen stem base of certain nonwoody perennial plants that survives over the winter and from which new growth is produced.
(Encarta® World English Dictionary)